Applicability of an unsupervised cluster model developed on first wave COVID-19 patients in second/third wave critically ill patients.

OBJECTIVE: To validate the unsupervised cluster model (USCM) developed during the first pandemic wave in a cohort of critically ill patients from the second and third pandemic waves. DESIGN: Observational, retrospective, multicentre study. SETTING: Intensive Care Unit (ICU). PATIENTS: Adult patients admitted with COVID-19 and respiratory failure during the second and third pandemic waves. INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN VARIABLES OF INTEREST: Collected data included demographic and clinical characteristics, comorbidities, laboratory tests and ICU outcomes. To validate our original USCM, we assigned a phenotype to each patient of the validation cohort. The performance of the classification was determined by Silhouette coefficient (SC) and general linear modelling. In a post-hoc analysis we developed and validated a USCM specific to the validation set. The model's performance was measured using accuracy test and area under curve (AUC) ROC. RESULTS: A total of 2330 patients (mean age 63 [53-82] years, 1643 (70.5%) male, median APACHE II score (12 [9-16]) and SOFA score (4 [3-6]) were included. The ICU mortality was 27.2%. The USCM classified patients into 3 clinical phenotypes: A (n = 1206 patients, 51.8%); B (n = 618 patients, 26.5%), and C (n = 506 patients, 21.7%). The characteristics of patients within each phenotype were significantly different from the original population. The SC was -0.007 and the inclusion of phenotype classification in a regression model did not improve the model performance (0.79 and 0.78 ROC for original and validation model). The post-hoc model performed better than the validation model (SC -0.08). CONCLUSION: Models developed using machine learning techniques during the first pandemic wave cannot be applied with adequate performance to patients admitted in subsequent waves without prior validation.

Clinical and Microbiological Risk Factors for 30-Day Mortality of Bloodstream Infections Caused by OXA-48-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Bloodstream infections (BSI) caused by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae are associated with high morbidity and mortality, and the therapy options available for their treatment are frequently scarce. The aim of this study was to analyze risk factors for 30-day mortality in patients with BSI caused by OXA-48-producing K. pneumoniae. The clinical and treatment features of the patients, who attended a single hospital over a five-year period, were retrospectively reviewed. The microbiological features, including the sequence types (ST) and the somatic (O) and capsular (K) antigens, as well as their resistance properties, comprising phenotypes and genetic background, were also considered. To identify the risk factors for 30-day mortality, uni- and multivariate statistical analyses were performed. The univariate analysis revealed statistically significant correlations for age, male gender, lower respiratory system infection, infection by ST147 isolates, and infection by isolates expressing the K64 antigen. The multivariate analysis, applied to variables yielding p-values close to or lower than 0.05 in the univariate analysis, confirmed gender, lower respiratory system infection, and infection with ST147 isolates, but not age or infection with K64 isolates, as risk factors for 30-day mortality. Moreover, the multivariate analysis showed that patients suffering from hematological malignancies or having been treated with inappropriate therapy, both having p-values slightly higher than 0.05 in the univariate analysis, exhibited significantly poorer outcomes in the multivariant analysis. The association of the ST147 clone with an increased risk of mortality is a novel finding that deserves further attention. Studies like the one presented here can certainly benefit the management of patients with nosocomial BSI caused by carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae.

Evaluation of a commercial multiplex PCR for diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) nosocomial infections.

Nosocomial Central Nervous System (CNS) infections are often serious complications of neurosurgical procedures. Their diagnosis is complex and frequently based on microbiological culture. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of the FilmArray® Blood Culture Identification (BCID) panel, a multiplex PCR designed to identify the most common etiologic agents of sepsis involved with nosocomial CNS infections. A total of ninety samples were analyzed with the BCID panel. The sensitivity and specificity achieved were 77.4% and 100% respectively, when compared with the reference method (culture). Based on the analysis of the melting curves, another cut-off was established improving sensitivity to 83.9% whilst maintaining 98.3% specificity. The BCID panel seems to be a helpful tool for the prompt diagnosis of CNS nosocomial infections. The cut-off proposed here can increase sensitivity, but further studies are required to confirm its effectiveness and its applicability in clinical microbiology laboratories.

Diagnóstico de meningitis/encefalitis en UCI con sistema de PCR múltiple. ¿Es tiempo de cambio? / Meningitis/Encephalitis diagnosis in ICU using Multiplex PCR system: is it time of change?

OBJETIVO: Evaluar el impacto clínico de la PCR-múltiple FilmArray(R) panel Meningitis/Encefalitis en el diagnóstico de infecciones del sistema nervioso central y comparar los resultados obtenidos y el tiempo necesario hasta el diagnóstico con las técnicas microbiológicas convencionales. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio prospectivo observacional en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) de adultos de un hospital de tercer nivel. Se realizó punción lumbar a todos los pacientes y en el LCR extraído se realizó FilmArray(R) panel de meningitis /encefalitis, estudio citoquímico, Gram y cultivos microbiológicos convencionales. RESULTADOS: 21 pacientes ingresados con sospecha de Meningitis/Encefalitis. Edad: mediana 58,4 años (RIQ 38,1-67,3), APACHE II: mediana 18 (RIQ 12-24). La mediana de estancia en UCI fue de 4 días (RIQ 2-6) y la hospitalaria de 17 días (RIQ 14-28). Mortalidad 14,3%. Se estableció un diagnóstico clínico final de Meningitis/Encefalitis en 16 pacientes, con diagnóstico etiológico en 12 casos (75%). La etiología más frecuente fue Streptococcus pneumoniae (8 casos). FilmArray(R) permitió diagnóstico etiológico en 3 casos con cultivo negativo y el resultado implicó cambios en el tratamiento antibiótico de 7 de los 16 pacientes (43,8%). Para la totalidad de pacientes, FilmArray(R) presentó una sensibilidad y especificidad del 100% y 90% respectivamente. La mediana de tiempo hasta la obtención del resultado de FilmArray(R) fue de 2,9 horas (RIQ 2,1-3,8) y del cultivo incluyendo antibiograma 45,1 horas (RIQ 38,9-58,7). CONCLUSIONES: FilmArray(R) panel Meningitis/Encefalitis realiza un diagnóstico etiológico más precoz que los cultivos convencionales, muestra una mayor sensibilidad y permite realizar un tratamiento antimicrobiano dirigido

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical impact of Meningitis/Encephalitis FilmArray(R) panel for the diagnosis of cerebral nervous system infection and to compare the results (including time for diagnosis) with those obtained by conventional microbiological techniques. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective observational study in an Intensive Care Unit of adults from a tertiary hospital was carried out. Cerebrospinal fluid from all patients was taken by lumbar puncture and assessed by the meningitis/encephalitis FilmArray(R) panel ME, cytochemical study, Gram, and conventional microbiological cultures. RESULTS: A total of 21 patients admitted with suspicion of Meningitis/Encephalitis. Median age of patients was 58.4 years (RIQ 38.1-67.3), median APACHE II 18 (RIQ 12-24). Median stay in ICU and median hospital stay was 4 (RIQ 2-6) and 17 days (RIQ 14-28), respectively. The overall mortality was 14.3%. A final clinical diagnosis of meningitis or encephalitis was established in 16 patients, obtaining the etiological diagnosis in 12 of them (75%). The most frequent etiology was Streptococcus pneumoniae (8 cases). FilmArray(R) allowed etiological diagnosis in 3 cases in which the culture had been negative, and the results led to changes in the empirical antimicrobial therapy in 7 of 16 cases (43.8%). FilmArray(R) yielded a global sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 90%, respectively. The median time to obtain results from the latter and conventional culture (including antibiogram) was 2.9 hours (RIQ 2.1-3.8) and 45.1 hours (RIQ 38.9-58.7), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The Meningitis/Encephalitis FilmArray(R) panel was able to establish the etiologic diagnosis faster than conventional methods. Also, it achieved a better sensitivity and led to prompt targeted antimicrobial therapy

Intoxicación por magnesio, fallo multiorgánico y colitis isquémica secundaria a ingesta crónica de un producto de parafarmacia / Magnesium poisoning, multi-organ failure and ischemic colitis secondary to chronic ingestion of a parapharmacy product

En el artículo se describe el caso clínico de una paciente con fallo multiorgánico y colitis isquémica secundario a intoxicación por magnesio, debido a la ingesta crónica de un producto de parafarmacia, utilizado para el tratamiento del estreñimiento crónico. Se describe el caso clínico y se realiza una revisión de la literatura

The article describes the clinical case of a patient with multi-organ failure and ischemic colitis secondary to magnesium poisoning, due to the chronic intake of a parapharmacy product, used for the treatment of chronic constipation. The clinical case is described and a review of the literature is made

Una causa inusual de fallo hepático agudo: infiltración tumoral por carcinoma neuroendocrino / An unusual cause of acute liver failure: Tumour infiltration by neuroendocrine carcinoma

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Magnesium poisoning, multi-organ failure and ischemic colitis secondary to chronic ingestion of a parapharmacy product.

The article describes the clinical case of a patient with multi-organ failure and ischemic colitis secondary to magnesium poisoning, due to the chronic intake of a parapharmacy product, used for the treatment of chronic constipation. The clinical case is described and a review of the literature is made.

Complicaciones infecciosas relacionadas con el drenaje ventricular externo. Incidencia y factores de riesgo / Infectious complications related to external ventricular shunt. Incidence and risk factors

Introducción. Las complicaciones infecciosas relacionadas con el drenaje ventricular externo (CIRDVE) son un problema importante en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) neuroquirúrgicos. El objetivo del estudio es conocer la incidencia de CIRDVE y analizar los factores implicados. Material y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo en una UCI polivalente de adultos de un hospital universitario de tercer nivel. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes con drenaje ventricular externo (DVE) excepto aquellos diagnosticados de una infección del sistema nervioso central previa al implante. Resultados. Se incluyeron 87 pacientes, 106 DVE. Diagnóstico previo más frecuente: hemorragia subaracnoidea (49,4%). Presentaron CIRDVE 31 pacientes con 32 DVE. La tasa de CIRDVE fue de 19,5 por mil días de catéter y de ventriculitis 14 por mil días de catéter. Presentaron CIRDVE el 31,6% de los pacientes y ventriculitis el 25,3%. Los pacientes con CIRDVE tuvieron más manipulaciones del DVE (2,0 ± 0,6 vs. 3,3 ± 1,0 p=0,02), reposicionamiento (0,1 ± 0,1 vs. 0,2 ± 0,1) y mayor estancia media en UCI y hospitalaria (29,8 ± 4,9 vs. 49,8 ± 5,2, p<0,01 y 67,4 ± 18,8 vs, 108,9 ± 30,2, p=0,02 respectivamente). Los DVE con CIRDVE tuvieron mayor permanencia, tanto al diagnóstico como a la retirada (12,6 ± 2,1 vs. 18,3 ± 3,6 y 12,6 ± 2,1 vs. 30,4 ± 7,3, p<0,01). No hubo diferencias en mortalidad. Conclusiones. Uno de cada 3 pacientes presentó CIRDVE. Los factores relacionados fueron el número de manipulaciones, el reposicionamiento del DVE y el tiempo de permanencia. Los pacientes con CIRDVE tuvieron estancia media en UCI y hospitalaria más larga pero sin incremento en la mortalidad (AU)

Introduction. Infectious complications related to external ventricular shunt (ICREVS) are a main problem in neurocritical intensive care units (ICU). The aim of the review is to assess the incidence of ICREVS and to analyse factors involved. Material and methods: Retrospective analysis, adult polyvalent ICU in a third level reference hospital. Patients carrying external ventricular shunt (DVE) were included. Those patients with central nervous system infection diagnosed prior DVE placement were excluded. Results: 87 patients were included with 106 DVE. Most common admittance diagnosis was subarachnoid haemorrhage (49.4%). 31 patients with 32 DVE developed an ICREVS. Infection rate is 19.5 per 1000 days of shunt for ICREVS and 14 per 1000 days for ventriculitis. 31.6% of the patients developed ICREVS and 25.3% ventriculitis. Patients who developed ICREVS presented higher shunt manipulations (2.0 ± 0.6 vs. 3.26 ± 1.02, p=0.02), shunt repositioning (0.1 ± 0.1 vs. 0.2 ± 0.1) and ICU and hospital stay (29.8 ± 4.9 vs 49.8 ± 5.2, p<0.01 y 67.4 ± 18.8 vs. 108.9 ± 30.2, p=0.02. Those DVE with ICREVS were placed for longer not only at infection diagnosis but also at removal (12.6 ± 2.1 vs. 18.3 ± 3.6 and 12.6 ± 2.1 vs. 30.4 ± 7.3 days, p<0.01). No difference in mortality was found. Conclusions. One out of three patients with a DVE develops an infection. The risk factors are the number of manipulations, repositioning and the permanency days. Patients with ICREVS had a longer ICU and hospital average stay without an increase in mortality (AU)

Age-related injury patterns in Spanish trauma ICU patients. Results from the RETRAUCI.

BACKGROUND: Injury patterns may differ in trauma patients when age is considered. This information is relevant in the management of trauma patients and for planning preventive measures. METHODS: We included in the study all patients admitted for traumatic disease in the participating ICUs from November 23rd, 2012 to July 31st, 2015 with complete records. Data on epidemiology, injury patterns, severity scores, acute management, resources utilisation and outcome were recorded and compared in the following groups of age: ≤55years (young adults), 56-65 years (adults), 66-75 years (elderly), >75years (very elderly). Quantitative data were reported as median (Interquartile Range (IQR) 25-75) and categorical data as number and percentage. Comparison between groups of age with quantitative variables was performed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. Differences between groups with categorical variables were compared using the chi-square test. A value of p<0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: We included 2700 patients (78.9% male). Median age was 46 (31-62) years. Blunt trauma was present in 93.7% of the patients. Median RTS was 7.55 (5.97-7.84). Median ISS was 20 (13-26). High-energy trauma secondary to motor-vehicle accident with rhabdomyolysis and drugs abuse showed an inverse linear association with ageing, whilst pedestrian falls with isolated brain injury, being run-over and pre-injury antiplatelets or anticoagulant treatment increased with age (in all cases p<0.001). Multiple injuries were more common in young adults (p<0.001). Acute kidney injury prevalence was higher in elderly and very elderly patients (p<0.001). ICU Mortality increased with age in spite of similar severity scores in all groups (p<0.001). The main cause of death in all groups was intracranial hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: Different injury patterns exist in relation with ageing in trauma ICU patients. Adult patients were more likely to present high-energy trauma with significant injuries in different areas whilst elderly patients were prone to low-energy falls, complicated by antiplatelets or anticoagulants use, resulting in severe brain injury and increased mortality.